Reserve Bank of India :
Understand CRR, SLR, Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate and their
impact on deposit & loan interest rate & on inflation.
Santa::
I have heard recently that Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor Mr.
Rahuram Rajan has reduced Repo Rate by 0.5% (50 basis points) and everyone is
saying that this is good for the market. Home Loan and Car EMI may also come
down. What is this rate cut means actually? I want to understand this.
Banta::
To understand this you first need to know, how does a bank
function.
Santa::
Why?
Banta::
Because all these are inter-related. Tell me- what does a bank do?
Santa:::
Bank takes money from depositors and gives loan to earn interest.
That way they keep everyone happy and make a profit also.
Banta::
Correct, but there are more to it. Let me explain this in a very
simplistic way. Bank needs money. Bank can get money from depositors like you
and me and also from RBI. But bank also needs to pay certain interest to us and
also to RBI.
Santa:::
Ok Ok.
Banta::
Let us try to understand first - what happens when we deposit,
say, Rs. 100 with a bank.
Santa:::
I know that. Bank gives that Rs. 100 to someone who needs a loan.
Banta::
No, it is not that simple. Remember, though bank can earn interest
by giving away loans, but it is also very risky. There are many cases of loan
defaults. This way banks can put all our money into high risk areas. It has to
be protected.
Santa:::
How?
Banta::
Ok, RBI has made it mandatory that upon receiving, say, Rs. 100 –
banks first have to deposit Rs. 4 with RBI. RBI keeps this Rs. 4 in its current
account & hence banks do not receive any interest on this money. This is
known as Cash Reserve Ratio or CRR, which is currently at 4%.
Santa:::
Hmmm, then?
Banta:: RBI has also made it mandatory that upon receiving, say,
Rs. 100 - banks need to compulsorily buy central and state govt. securities of
Rs. 21.50.
Of course banks will earn some interest income here. This is known
as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), which is currently at 21.50%.
Santa:::
Ok, so you mean to say that upon receiving Rs. 100, banks can
spend only Rs. 74.50 at its own will.
Banta::
Correct. 100 – (4 + 21.50)
= 100 – 25.50 = 74.50
Santa::
But you were saying that
banks can also borrow from RBI. What interest banks pay to RBI?
Banta::
Before 2015, 30th September, banks were paying 8.25% interest to
RBI when it borrows money from RBI. Now this rate has been reduced by 50 basis
points.
So banks now need to pay interest to RBI, if it borrows from RBI,
at the rate of 7.75%. This is known as Repo Rate.
Santa:
Can fixed deposit rate be affected by reduction of Repo Rate?
Banta::
Of course. If banks get money from RBI at7.75%, why will banks pay
higher interest to you and me? One year FD rate is already revised by many
banks and it is equal to or very close to 7.75%.
Santa::
But as now banks are
getting money at a cheaper rate, then they should reduce the loan interest rate
i.e. passing on the benefits it receives.
Banta:
Correct. They should. And
on that hope market is cheering. If companies get loan at a cheaper rate, they
will likely to expand their businesses. That will create more jobs, more income
and boost the economy.
Santa:
How is inflation linked to
this?
Banta::
See, when loan becomes cheaper, people tends to borrow more. That
means people will have more money to spend. This will increase the demand for
goods, and if supply does not increase to match this demand, then prices will
increase.
Santa::
So there is a chance, that
inflation may rise also?
Banta::
Well, yes. But inflation depends on many other factors as well,
like production (industrial and agricultural), manufacturing, export - import,
foreign currency movement etc. So inflation may increase or may not.
Santa::
One last question. Like we
deposit our money with banks, can banks also deposit their money with someone?
Banta::
Yes, they can deposit with RBI and earn interest too. This
interest is typically 1% less than the repo rate. This rate is known as Reverse
Repo Rate.
Santa::
Great! So now I understand
CRR, SLR, Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate and their impact on deposit rate, loan
interest rate and on inflation. Thanks.
Banta:: Welcome!
No comments:
Post a Comment